This is one of those issues I think were you get to decide which way that works for each separate case. Deciding if a particular result should be stored in an intermediate variable is part of being a programmer, part of the craft. You use the skills you have acquired together with coding standards at your workplace.

In the two contrived examples below, I would probably go with 1A and 2A, because of readability (too much noise and redundancy in 1B, too long and indirect usage of an anonymous array in 2B). But you can't really come up with any exhaustive list of patterns where you can stipulate one way over the other - new situations arise all the time as the art of programming progresses.

1A:
startManufacture(loadProductName(), isProductOk(loadProductState()));

vs.

1B:
String productName = loadProductName();
ProductState state = loadProductState();
boolean productIsOk = isProductOk(state);
startManufacture(productName, productIsOk);


2A:
boolean antennaCount = storage.getCount(currentDealer, items[ANTENNA_INDEX]);
boolean chassisCount = storage.getCount(currentDealer, items[CHASSIS_INDEX], EXTERNAL_SHIPPING);
orderManufacture(RADIO, antennaCount, chassisCount);

vs.

2B:
orderManufacture(RADIO, storage.getCount(currentDealer, items[ANTENNA_INDEX]), storage.getCount(currentDealer, items[CHASSIS_INDEX], EXTERNAL_SHIPPING));