I was wondering if anyone knows what is the operating system used in commercial airplanes (say Boeing or Airbus).
Also, what is the (preferred) real-time programing language? I heard that Ada is used in Boeing, so my question is - why Ada? what are the criteria the Boeing-guys had to choose this language? (I guess Java wouldn't be a great choice if exactly on lift-off the garbage collector wakes up).
For aircraft control systems, we don't speak of operating systems but of avionics, integrated avionics or computer airborne systems in general. And they are actually a combination of a multitude of independent or inter-dependent systems, for different functions (flight control, collision avoidance, weather, communications, blackboxes...).
Each controller is usually an independent module (hardware and software) for obvious security and safety reasons: they are critical control and monitoring systems and if one of them were to fail or get damaged, it's a rather big "inconvenience" for the people which are depending on the aircraft. Dependability takes all its meaning when you are in the flying machine. So usually it's
It's not a big computer running everything. If you think of it from the perspective of a military aircraft rather than a commercial one (though it's similar in this respect, the image might help): if a part gets shot at, you'd rather at least have some other parts be able to keep going (the part controlling the communications and safety systems might be interesting to keep alive...). Hence also the big bunch of buttons you see in jetliners, to keep track of the status of different systems.
They are usually either built as custom components operating their own system, or they are run and scheduled by a micro-kernel (in most cases, with support for real-time capabilities).
It depends across vendors and countries, obviously, but they usually at least need to follow rather strict sets of regulations, design requirements and protocol specifics, which allow for:
The DO-178B (revised in 1992) and its successor the DO-178C (revised in 2012) (and a bunch of associated documents) are an example of reference certifications for such compliance levels, and are recognized by the FAA (US), the EASA (EU), and Transport Canada, amongst others. Multiple other organizations are involved in the creation of such documents, like the EUROCAE.
Such airborne systems are usually bespoke software, but the following systems are known to be used in some airplanes:
To give you a vague idea of elements built into an avionics system, this list of avionics acronyms points to some of them (with some overlap).
Apart from the usual suspects we know in the "mainstream" programming world, you'll come up some often referenced names like Ada, and some less known languages like the (dated and now "retired" since 2010) JOVIAL.
Most modern aircraft use a general purpose RTOS (realtime operating system) pretty much the same thing that is used in factory automation, power stations, ships etc
Airbus use a few, including INTEGRITY from Northrop-grumman and program it in C/C++, Boeing use VxWorks among others
For what it's worth: For spacecraft (satellites and interplanetary ones) C and C++ is still dominant (and with very strict compliance to ISO standards), generally running VxWorks. Labs will generally stick with either C or C++ based on developer familiarity, confidence in the compiler toolchain, and internal coding standards. There are compelling reasons for both languages for real-time flight software, but each organization tends to stick with one or the other. Ancillary instruments, on the other hand, are commonly programmed in Forth, C, and increasingly modern scripting languages like Lua.
Also worth noting that the control systems are often developed using model-based-design using Simulink. The design is then converted into C code automatically. Humans still read and validate the code.
