From a language structure point of view: Because of scope. Parameters passed in to a function are only valid and accessible within that function. Instance variables are valid and accessible in every function.
Furthermore, by definition function parameters are passed in to the function from a caller. So they do not reside within the object: they reside in the caller. They must, of necessity, represent two different physical areas in memory.
I suppose that in principle you could have a language where any parameters in a function that have the same name as object variables are automatically copied before the first line of the function is executed. My first thought is that that could cause trouble, because there are surely times when you would not want such an automatic copy. There might well be validity tests that should be done before saving any data. We might want to test if a new value equals the old value and so some logging. Etc. I suppose someone could reply that in that case you could just give the parameter a different name.
For two or three variables, I generally see it as no big deal. Yes, when there are 15 variables passed in and all have to be assigned to the correct object variable, it's a pain. I'd be interested in seeing a language that had a feature to do this cleanly.
Frankly, what I usually do is create the object and then have a bunch of assignment statements. Like
myfoo=new Foo();
myfoo.bar=42;
myfoo.plugh="fwacbar";
... etc ...
This can be more clear than having a long string of values in the constructor, where it may not be obvious which variable each value goes to. (Especially small integers and Booleans.) It's only slightly more typing to write the assignment statements rather than a long parameter list. In the not-uncommon case where the constructor is only called once or twice, it might be less typing, as it eliminates the parameter list and simply moves the assignments from the constructor to the caller.
Of course it has the drawback that it only works if all the values are straight assignments with no validation or manipulation. And in some cases we can say that a constructor with all the values produces a valid, usable object; while this technique means it almost certainly does not, which some consider a violation of the constructor contract.