No, the global variables are not necessarily stored with the code.
The C standard defines the global variables to be of static storage duration (caution: static storage duration is not to be confused with static variables, which are a subset thereof). It does not guarantee that the global variables are preallocated in the executable file, but only that:
6.2.4/3: (...) Its lifetime is the entire execution of the program and its stored
value is initialized only once, prior to program startup.
A compliant C implementation could therefore perfectly well allocate and initialize global variable at runtime, as long as this is done before the programme startup.
The programme startup, by the way, is not the start of the executable process by the operating system. The C standard explains here what it is:
5.1.2/1: (...) program startup occurs when a designated C function is called by the execution environment. All objects with static
storage duration shall be initialized (set to their initial values)
before program startup. The manner and timing of such initialization
are otherwise unspecified.
It is however true that many C language implementations behave like you explain. But this is not specific to C. It is related to the use of a feature offered in many operating systems, which allow to define data segments in the executable file to be loaded with pre-initialized data, the adress of which being resolved by the linker when the executable file is generated (and eventually relocated by the loader).
