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Philip
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Regarding the CS stuff, these are in my opinion the most important basic concepts:

  • Chained lists
  • Hash-Tables
  • Binary Trees, AVL Trees
  • Queues
  • Stacks

Regarding data structures, this is stuff you should really know. Knowing them prevents you from writing inefficient code.

Regarding algorithms you should at least heard of this stuff:

  • Complexity, O(n²), O(n), O(n log n)
  • Sort algorithms like Quick Sort, Merge Sort, Insert sort, ...
  • Tree traversing... In Order, Post order, ...
  • Recursive vs. iterative algorithms

That's stuff I heard in university in my minor "Algorithms and data structures". (That's how this lecture is called in germany.)

Regarding Javascript I recommend you to play around stuff like prototypes, it's quite interesting. Though you should wait to use them productively unless you did some private project with them. I find it really strange that only very few ressources (including "The Good Parts" as far as I can see) don't deal with them in thourough detail. But you rarely see large-scale Javascript apps anyway (yet).

Things that helped me in the past to increase productivity very quickly was reading blogs from people that use my favorite programming language. In particular check out reddit...

http://www.reddit.com/r/javascript/ http://www.reddit.com/r/python/ ...

Watch out for blog articles covering optimization and software design! That's stuff that matters ;)

Oh and regarding Javascript: Be sure to check out https://developer.mozilla.org/en/javascript In my opinion the best Javascript resource on the web...

Philip
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