Based on @Mike_Robinson's comment I was able to better research the problem.
Essentially I've described a High Performance Compute (HPC
) cluster with different instance types. This is referred to as a heterogeneous compute cluster
For historical on prim clusters it seems a common tool for workload management
is slurm. AWS has AWS ParallelCluster which seems to have a slurm base and has support for heterogeneous clusters.
This is also a similar problem solved by AWS Batch
Searching for task scheduler system design
you can find a number of resources like drop box's task framework. There are a-lot of references to this as an interview question as well as a number of discussions on youtube with these keywords