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You don’t know the encoding. You can assume that all encoded characters are valid and draw conclusions from that. If all bytes are from 32 to 126 then the encoding could be ASCII, some 8 bit encoding, …

If c is an unsigned char with a value of ‘A’ then printing c to std::cout prints the letter ‘A’. Printing c cast to int prints “65”. uint8_t has 256 different values. Printing each of them cast to int …

A program transferring text can do one of three things: Transfer without telling which encoding is used, transfer using a standard encoding, or transfer while specifying the encoding. The receiving …

There is some extraordinary claim. One file of 336MB and one file of 335MB, containing the same data, one compressed to 26MB and one compressed to 16MB. That's a compression factor of 22 in one case …

SHA256 and practically all encryption methods operate on bytes. That is often impractical, so you might have a utility for example that encrypts a utf-8 encoded string by converting it to bytes and pr …

What hasn't been mentioned is that if you have a correct sequence of code points, and a pointer that is guaranteed to point to the first byte of a code point, with UTF-8 you can very easily find the p …

Java uses UTF-16 internally. But nobody needs to care about that, except for a tiny bit of efficiency. UTF-8 is much more what everyone uses as the standard for external representation.

A special case is JSON documents. They are defined to be contain a sequence of Unicode code points encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16 BE or LE, or UTF-32 BE or LE, with optional BOM. Valid JSON documents have t …

Assuming you have a file that is given to you just as a sequence of bytes, with no indication of the encoding, and you want to either determine an encoding consistent with the bytes, or reject the fil …