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In Java, we would use null for a free bucket, and the state of the bucket to mark it as occupied or deleted. …

The coroutine approach is arguably worse because the coroutine state could change, whereas a global constant … well, stays constant. It's not shared global data that's a problem, but shared state. … Here, “state” is any data that changes over time. For a web application, any shared state belongs into a database or similar persistence mechanism. …

So instead of: State s; void some_function(void) { ... } int main() { some_function(); } You might have: void some_function(State* s) { ... } int main() { State s; some_function(&s); } If you … are concerned about concurrency issues that arise with shared state (not just global state), then using atomics for the counter could be appropriate. …

Ideally, state should not be an implicit global context, but an explicit parameter/return value of a function. So far, the theory. … Therefore, Haskell introduces the IO monad and the State monad to encode dependencies between effects on a type-system level. …

Web app backends typically don't need to store any session state because they can use REST principles: state is transferred between the client and server. … In general, maintaining internal server state is fine when one of the following applies the state is stored externally the state is not shared between requests the state is just the acquisition of an …

There are both examples where OOP involves state and examples where OOP is used without any state. … The program flow can then be interpreted as state transformations rather than state mutations. …

You are also concerned about using partial application in general, since this introduces hidden state. On one hand, this isn't an issue any more than creating objects. …

retrieves the head: let rng = RNG(seed) let n : rng = rng in print n let n : rng = rng in print n let n : rng in print n With such an interface, we can always revert to a previous state …

.: module type Var = sig type typevar type state val newstate : () -> state val gensym : state -> some_type -> typevar val compare : typevar -> typevar -> bool end If reproducible type variable … IDs are not necessary, then keeping your solution with encapsulated global state is fine. …

If you need a fancy name for what you are doing here, I suggest the State Pattern, with function objects representing the state. …

The trick is to not keep any session state within the stuff you redeploy. Instead: keep state in a separate database that persists beyond a deployment, or keep state purely client-side. … Where a web framework keeps state in-process or in tempfiles, a redeploy necessarily destroys that state. …